Essay on Divorce in America - 1453 Words

Divorce rates in the United States have increased dramatically in the past 25 years. Over 40 percent of the marriages among young Americans will end in divorce. There is a lot of stress on all the people involved. The man has to deal with, usually, not seeing his children, being alone, and the responsibility that is accompanied with much of the legal process. The wife has to go through, maybe, entering the work force for the first time. Children are often viewed as a back burner issue but more often than none they are the center piece of discussion. The children may begin feeling inadequate around their friends and even in personal esteem. Feeling like it is their fault they might get depressed or perhaps even rebellious.†¦show more content†¦Nine out of ten children will reside with their mothers. Between 9 and 11million school-age children in the United States live in one-parent families. About one-half of all divorces occur within the first seven years of marriage with the first two to three years being an especially vulnerable time period for divorce.(pp.47-63) The actual rate of divorce may only represent a small amount of the problem. It is unknown how many marriages end in non legal separations or how many married people stay together in an empty, essentially dissolved, relationship for the childrens sake. Of course, you do not have to be married to experience a separation from a close relationship. ?If we add to the official divorce rate the number of cohabitation couples who break up, those who terminate their engagements to marry, break-up, steady dating partner, or otherwise bow out of a relationship, several million couples end intimate relationships each year.2?(pp.27-28,30) So, why do people separate? Unmarried couples give us a number of reasons for separation. In one study, researchers followed over 200 couples for a three year period. ?During this period of time, more that one-half of them ended the relationship. Seventy-eight percent of the men and women listed boredom as the major reason for the separation.(Kolata: pp, 42) Apparently their romantic,Show MoreRelatedThe Divorce Rate Of America959 Words   |  4 PagesDivorce Rate Throughout time, practices that were once never used, become more common. In the 1600s divorce was a forbidden practice or a last resort. Since then, laws have changed, and so hasn’t the stigma related with divorce. The guilt and fault that divorce once carried has vanished. According to the book Should I Keep Trying to Work it out, â€Å"In the United States, researchers estimate that 40%–50% of all first marriages will end in divorce or permanent separation. The risk of divorce is evenRead MoreEffect Of Divorce On America826 Words   |  4 Pagesdecreasing. The online database â€Å"The Effects of Divorce In America† connects to how many children will grow to see there parents divorce before the age of 18. â€Å"Mounting evidence in social science journals demonstrates that the devastating physical, emotional, and financial effects that divorce is having on these children will last well into adulthood and affect future generations†. This problem that is occurring with children being involved in divorces is causing the world to be kept at a low withRead More Divorce in america Essay660 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"It is easier to divorce my wife of 26 years than to fire someone I hired one week ago. The person I hire has more legal clout....than my wife of 26 years. Thats wrong.quot; --Judge Randall Hekman, President of the Michigan Family Forum There are, undoubtedly, a number of causes for divorce. Divorce used to be considered scandalous and immoral. This contributed to many marriages surviving despite strains. However, as divorce becomes more common, the more natural and expectable it seems. The numberRead MoreToo Much Divorce in America607 Words   |  2 PagesIn today’s society it seems that divorce is as common as marriage. Statistics have shown that 50% of all marriages will end in divorce. In looking at the information available I decided to look at common causes of divorce and look how each one affects the marriage and creates dissension and animosity in the relationship. At the top of my list I have chosen communication. This is the number one key to anything if it is to be successful. For example if I tell you to go to Cleveland Ohio but I do notRead MoreDivorce Is Not A New Nor A Fading Trend1034 Words   |  5 PagesDivorce is not a new nor a fading trend. Since the time of Moses and through the centuries divorce has been a topic of discussion and something sought after by those in an unhappy marriage. Divorce has always been around, but not nearly as much as the last century. In America data has recorded the divorce rate since the mid-880s. The data acquired over the years concludes that divorce went from being a social taboo to a trend among friends, effecting the social views on divorce itself, marriage,Read MoreDivorce : The And Legal Ending Of A Marriage1741 Words   |  7 PagesDivorce, which is the termination and legal ending of a marriage of a couple, maybe of the opposite sex or of the same-sex, has been on a rise in America for the pa st thirty years. Almost every second person has a divorced member in its family today. America comes on the first place in terms of the number of divorces in the world. Divorce has been reported to be one of the major causes of suicide as well. Many factors lead to divorce in America, some of which are lying, for example- on online datingRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On The United States1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of divorce, for many decades, has been a topic that fell into the domain of taboo. In more recent years, society within the united states has brought the topic into the limelight by desensitizing the term. Thus, the divorce rates in the US have went up. However, a divorce has both positive and negative implications. Also, there have been backlashes against divorce, but there has also been a positive feedback system employed to aid in the process that surround divorce. The partitioning betweenRead MoreThe Rise in Divorce Rate Essay examples925 Words   |  4 Pagesh ave caused divorce rates to increase. According to recent statistics made by the census bureau, the divorce rate in America is roughly 50 percent. There are a myriad of speculations as to why more people are not staying together. One reason is that people are getting married for the wrong reasons, such as unplanned pregnancies. Another reason is that women have become more independent so that they are not forced in to being in a marriage where they are not happy. Last, lenient divorce laws makeRead MoreHow Divorce Has Shaped The Culture And Affected The Future Of Our Children964 Words   |  4 PagesChamberlain School of Nursingâ€Æ' Divorce How divorce has shaped the culture and affected the future of our children. Divorce has become more acceptable and common in our culture. A divorce not only involves the parents, children are included too. The family structure varies across America and couples divorce for different reasons such as abuse in the home, infidelity, addiction issues, religion, and the list can continue. When a couple decides to use divorce to solve any marital conflicts thereRead MoreAdults and Divorce Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesculminate their holy marriage by filing for divorce in the judicial courts. It is shocking to learn that out of a population of 1,000 people, there are 6.4 marriages and 3.4 divorces, which means that 50% of marriages in the United States of America result into a divorce (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). There are various causes that make the spouses take the ultimate decision of ending their matrimonial vows through legal divorce. The rate of divorce also d iffers from one state to another

Evaluation of the two companies from the perspective of a potential

Essays on Evaluation of the two companies from the perspective of a potential equity investor Essay Supervisor’s 31 March Evaluating Google and Yahoo from the Perspective of a Potential Equity Investor Introduction Financial statements summarize information on an organization’s financial condition and meet the needs of different stakeholders. Equity shareholders have such needs as immediate return on investments and sustainable improvement of an organization’s worth through retained earnings. This establishes their interest in the management’s ability to utilize available resources. Activity ratios, also known as turnover ratios, measure this efficiency by determining the number of times that an entity’s assets yield revenue (Periasamy 4.39). This section analyzes activity ratios of Google and Yahoo and focuses on inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, and total assets turnover ratios. Google Analysis The following table summarizes the three ratios for Google for the economic periods ended 2012, 2013, and 2014. Ratio Formula 2012 2013 2014 Accounts receivable turnover Net credit sales/ Average inventory 6.78 times 6.81 times 6.86 times Total assets turnover Net revenues/Total assets 0.6 times 0.58 times 0.55 times Inventory turnover Cost of sales/average inventory - 55.55 times - Accounts receivable turnover is high and has an improving trend that indicates the management’s efficiency in collecting its debts. Total assets turnover measures the rate at which an entity can convert its total assets into revenues, and the higher the ratio, the more efficient the entity is said to be in asset management. Total asset turnover for Google was 0.6 times in the economic period that ended in the year 2011 that means low-level efficiency in asset management. The ratio decreased in the subsequent two years and even though the decreased efficiency was marginal, it indicates risk of long-term inefficiency (Google 1; Debarshi 70-72). Inventory turnover measures the number of times that an entity uses its inventory to generate sales, and a higher ratio is recommended. However, very high ratios could indicate poor management that stocks low volume of inventory and could lead to scarcity. Google’s inventory turnover was 55.55 times for the period ended 2013. The ratio was too high but not available for the years 2012 and 2014 the fact that the company was just diversifying into scopes (Motorola hardware) could explain the inconsistency (Google 1; Debarshi 70-72). Yahoo Analysis The following table summarizes the activity ratios for Yahoo for the periods ended 2012, 2013, and 2014. Ratio Formula 2012 2013 2014 Accounts receivable turnover Net credit sales/ Average inventory 4.75 times 4.53 times 4.33 times Total assets turnover Net revenues/Total assets 0.31 times 0.28 times 0.12 times Inventory turnover Cost of sales/average inventory - - - The accounts receivable turnover ratio was 4.75, an indicator of efficiency in debt collection. The ratio however decreased in the years 2013 and 2014, indicating decline in the efficiency but it remained high. Lack of inventory in the company’s operations, based on its financial statements, also means that inventory turnover does not exist for the company. Total asset turnover was very low in the year ended 2012, 0.31 times, an indicator that the company was only able convert 34 percent of its total assets into revenues. The ratio further declined in the years ended 2013 and 2014 reporting 0.28 times and 0.07 times respectively. The consistent trend further suggests that the company is likely to continue losing its asset management efficiency and the drastic decline in the year 2014 makes the worry more significant. Poor total asset management is, therefore, predicted in the long run (Yahoo 1; Debarshi 70). Comparative Conclusion Google only reported inventory turnover ratio in a single year and this is not sufficient for reliable inference. Expansion into hardware devices, that suggests trial in the year ended 2013, also explains absence of the inventory turnover ratio in the years 2012 and 2014. The company reported high efficiency in debt management and consistent improvement in the efficiency suggests better future efficiency. The expansion and efficiency suggest asset management efficiency and mean strong future prospects for equity shareholder through improved value in the company’s assets. Total assets turnover was however low and decreased over the three year period. Accounts receivable ratio for yahoo was however lower than that of Google and had a decreasing trend, and indicator of relatively lower efficiency in debt management. Even though both of the companies realized decreasing efficiency in management of total assets, Google’s efficiency remained better than Yahoo’s efficie ncy. Unlike Google that reported inventory management, Yahoo did not, and this means its inefficiency in expanding to other ventures despite the low efficiency that it realized from its existing assets. The analysis therefore identifies better efficiency with Google than with Yahoo. Consequently, Google is a better option for equity shareholders because of its higher-level efficiency in managing assets that could also contribute to profitability from higher return on investments and improved value in shares. Works Cited Debarshi, Bhattacharyya. Management Accounting. New Delhi: Pearson Education India, 2011. Print. Google. â€Å"Financial Information.† Google. N.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. . Periasamy, P. Financial Management. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009. Print. Yahoo. â€Å"Investor Relations.† Yahoo. N.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2015. .

The Negative Effects of a Cellphone Free Essays

When the first cellular phone was invented, its uses only went as far as a phone call. As time and technology advanced, so did the development of the cell phone. A basic phone today can make calls, take photos and videos and even function as a GPS. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of a Cellphone or any similar topic only for you Order Now But with the advantages comes the disadvantages. The increased use of cell phones has had a negative influence on society. For example, the use of cellphones has limited socializing, the demand and costs have affected consumers negatively and they have also been a common factor in many car accidents, including fatalities. The dependency of cellphones has had a negative social effect. The cell phone is probably one of the most commonly owned devices in America. â€Å"75% of all American teens ages 12-17 own a cell phone, and 66% use their phones to send or receive text messages. † (Madden and Lenhart 2) The cell phone has become the primary source of communication for many people. The simplicity of typing a message, or making a phone call rather than relaying that message in person has resulted in a disconnect from society for many people. â€Å"Reliance on a relatively quick and cheap form of interaction means that we might dispense with the longer and more ponderous process of a personal visit. (Ling 185). So, although you may communicate more often through cellphones, the physical part of a relationship is neglected. As a result of depending on cellphones as a main source of communication one may, in a sense, forfeit a substantial portion of a much needed social life. Moreover, socializing is an acquired ability, an ability that is significant in the gr owth and maturation of children and teens. The over use of cellphones can impede one from fully exercising these abilities. A large number of people own and use cellphones regularly. So much so that it has become a societal norm. Almost every place one may go cell phones are practically expected of them. For example, at some doctors’ offices they offer a free texting service to remind a patient of any appointment that he or she may have. Many clothing and grocery stores offer coupons and sales alerts that can be sent directly to a mobile device. But the problem comes when not everyone can afford to keep up with what society has labeled to be â€Å"the norm. † There are many people who cannot afford to buy a phone let alone afford a phone bill every month. The cost for cellular service is xpensive and always increasing. According to a survey, â€Å"Of the 1,400 readers who responded, 80 noted their bill was between $190 and $210. On average, that group had 3. 1 phones, meaning the cost is about $65 per phone. People with bills near $250 paid $67 per phone† (Sullivan). As a result, a number of people reported that they felt the need budget and cut back in order to afford a phone bill. Unfor tunately, society essentially requires people to have a cell phone, even with cut backs and budgeting, having a cell phone is not financially realistic for everyone. The use of cellphones has shown to be very dangerous to drivers and their passengers. This is mainly due to the increase in texting and driving as well as the amount of phone calls made while behind the wheel. According to Madden and Lenhart, 52% of cell phone owning teens ages 16-17 say they have talked on a cell phone while driving. That translates into 43% of all American teens ages 16-17 (2). With such a high percentage of distracted drivers, the likelihood of accidents, with and without fatalities has also increased. In 2008 alone, there were 5,870 fatalities and an estimated 515,000 people were injured in police reported crashes in which at least one form of driver distraction was reported† (Madden and Lenhart 3). Every time a driver decides to use a cell phone while operating a vehicle, they are not only putting their lives in danger, but also the lives of their passengers, pedestrians, and other drivers. Since the invention of the cell phone, its uses and capabilities h ave become a part of an everyday American life, an everyday life which cell phones has impacted society negatively. With an increased dependency on the cell phone, society and its growth have experienced major setbacks. Socialization, personal financials, and automotive drivers have all been effected in negative ways. This is mainly because the cell phone has evolved and is now made to do nearly anything one may think of. So although the cellphone was intended to help with one’s everyday life, what seems like a good idea at first may not affect society positively in the long run. How to cite The Negative Effects of a Cellphone, Essay examples

The Effects of Immigration on New Zealand’s Economy

Question: Discuss about the New Zealand Economy ? Answer : Introduction: Immigration is regarded as a complex phenomenon that can have serious impact on the economical growth perspective of a particular country. Historically, immigration has been a prime cause of concern for the New Zealand during the time British sovereignty was announced in 1840 (Nijkamp, Poot Sahin, 2012). Over the years, number of immigrants has entered into the New Zealand economy increases at a rapid rate. Total Immigrants in New Zealand is about one quarter of the total population for the country. The no. of immigrants in New Zealand is increasing with the passage of time and this is increasing the net loss of New Zealanders. It has been assessed that impact of immigration flow is extremely complex process, as it can have both positive and negative impact on the economical condition. Immigrants tend to utilize resources of a particular country in order to lead a healthy life. As a result, it minimizes the job opportunities and increases level of competition for the domestic people . For that reason, it can have adverse impact on the development of local communities. On the other hand, increasing rate of immigration in New Zealand brought much cultural diversity, many languages and many people but at the same time it is having a significant impact in many fundamental ways; socially, demographically, economically and environmentally (Kalton, 1983). That is why the question of how this immigration affects New Zealand becomes very important from various perspectives. Moreover, increasing rate of war and violence internationally has enhanced the significance of immigration issue in recent time. For that reason, the research proposal would focus on different perspective of immigration in order to understand the kind of impact in can have on the economical condition of New Zealand. This research proposal will take the economic perspective of the same because the economic perspective is the one, which is gauged more frequently and is significant (Gibson, McKenzie Stillman, 2009). In this research study, the prime focus would be on capturing in-depth information about the immigration issue in the New Zealand economy. The research proposal will include the impact on the economy of New Zealand because of the Immigrants. For the key findings the projects and data from the year 2005 to 2010 is considered and conclusion will be based on this period of study. The study will focus on specific time span, as it will help to cover all aspect of the research topic. The study would provide background information regarding the process immigrants have entered in the New Zealand economy. Moreover, the study would also focus on assessing the current number of immigrants present in the New Zealand market (Kelsey, 2015). The study would also focus on developing effective methodology for capturing in-depth information about the kind of impact immigrants have created on the economical condition of the New Zealand. The research will synthesize the research gaps and will address th e shortcomings of the previous researches done in the context so far. The impact of immigration whether positive or negative will be judged with the help of outcomes of economy in New Zealand. Background of the Research Topic: The exodus of civilization has been associated with many reasons such as political, social, economic, for asylum. These mass movements have wider implication on the economic and social indicators. The USA, UK, had the supportive immigration policy in the early industrial revolution, whether today we can see these countries are much prosperous than any other country in the world. Immigration brings new and motivated workers who can reinvigorate any sabotage economy (Bedford Poot, 2010). In fact, increasing war and domestic violence have induced all the prime economies to develop different supportive rules and regulations for the immigrants so that they can able to lead a healthy life. For instance, countries like Australia have seen huge increase in the rate of immigrants over the past few years. As a result, it has induced Australian government to invest more on the well-being of the immigrants in an effective manner (Genc et al., 2012). On the other hand, New Zealand is among the p opular destination for the tourists, as people from different parts of the world have come on living their entire life. The peaceful and healthy atmosphere has allowed all the immigrants to fulfill all the daily requirements in an appropriate way. New workers can expand economic activity of a country, whether a country like Japan has been grappling with the problem of old economy where immigration is the cure that can rejuvenate it. The immigrants are motivated they do their best to eschew the criminal activity because they are always concerned about their objectives. Immigration brings new cultural diversity which brings cultural harmony and social integration that are fundamental for the development of economy (Cornelius, 2004). Besides immigration has some pernicious impact on a country, whether it can encroach the social fundamental aspect of a society to forcefully compel a society to adhere to foreign culture as the British had done with many colonized countries. It can jeopardize the native society as the native of New Zealand is at the brink of extinction, however the native of New Zealand only account for around 10% of the total population. When the influx of immigrant is at high rate then it can increase the social hostility and disintegration of society. It creates an enormous drain on natural resources of a country and it also paves the way for inequality in economic distribution of resources (Cornelius, 2004). The rate of immigration has increased at a rapid rate in the New Zealand market during early 2000 to 2006. As a result, it has enhanced the proportion of migrant households captured by the immigrants in the New Zealand market. The government of New Zealand has developed Immigration Act law in 1987 in order to handle all the challenges associated with the foreign people entering into the economy effectively (Ortega Peri, 2013). Moreover, it has also developed the law for ending the preferences for migrants from Europe, Britain or Northern based on their race. In fact, it has focused on segregating all the immigrants on their personal qualities, skills and potential contribution to the New Zealand economy. The law has highlighted the fact that inclusion of immigration based on skills and knowledge can enhance the over economical condition. The New Zealand immigration system has also focused on introducing a point based system so that it can able to select appropriate individuals. Howe ver, New Zealand government has revised the regulations associated with immigration in 2006 so that it can able to provide wide variety of ethnicity. Phillips and Hearn (2013) have highlighted the fact that number of immigrants entered into the New Zealand economy increased in continues manner. At the early 90s, around 25000 people have entered into the New Zealand economy, which has increased to the level of 35000 within 4 years time span. However, government of New Zealand has focused on including skilled individuals so that they can provide positive impact on the overall development perspective of the community. New Zealand government has also focused on including people with the proficiency in English language so that domestic people does not have to face any challenges in communicating with the immigrants. It has been assessed that effective utilization of communication strategy is essential for avoiding any type of unnecessary consequences. Chung and Tung (2013) have highlighted the fact that differences in languages can have major impact among the coordination of all the people living in the same community. Many instances h ave been identified where immigrants have developed their separate community for leading their lives in appropriate manner. This differences become huge in case of the including indigenous people within the community. For that reason, proper identification of immigrants has become extremely important for creating positive impact on the economical condition. In recent times, New Zealand government has developed a specific plan of including 45,000 immigrants per year, which is around 1.5% of the total population. However, recent trends have also highlighted the fact that huge number of New Zealand residents has moved to other countries for better job and life. For that reason, net population of New Zealand was actually declined for the past few years (Parker Steenkamp, 2012). Overall, New Zealand consists of huge amount of foreign-born citizen. In 2005, around 20% of the total New Zealanders was born outside of the country. For that reason, New Zealand government has issued work permits for around 100,000 immigrants so that it can able to create positive impact on the overall economical condition of the economy (Peri, 2012). On the other hand, USA has enforced New Zealand to accept 750 refugees every year for providing proper living condition to the people. In 2007, Immigration Advisers Licensing Act was developed with the objective of h andling all the offshore activities in an appropriate manner. It focuses on analyzing all the industry standards in including immigrants within the economy. However, Law, Gen and Bryant (2013) have highlighted the fact that increasing rate of immigrants created challenges for the economy in providing proper job opportunities. It has been assessed that selection of immigrants based on skills and education has created extremely competitive job market in New Zealand. As a result, domestic people are facing lot of problems in achieving desired jobs in the market. As a result, New Zealand government has focused on providing additional benefits to the local people by restricting the number of immigrants can be included within a particular organization. Many studies have supported the government regulation of implementing restriction on the immigrants for ensuring proper lives to the domestic people. In 2009 Immigration Act, New Zealand government has emphasized on competing with all other top nations regarding the skilled and talented immigrants it will have to include for moving the economy forward. In fact, it has also initiated a bill for s moothing the entire immigration process so that local people does not have to face any challenges to perform all their responsibilities to the highest manner. On the other hand, Human Right Commissions have enforced all the countries to include all types of immigrants so that people with lesser skills and knowledge can able to achieve proper opportunity to lead healthy lives. James (2015) have mentioned the fact that all the countries will have to take responsibilities to provide equal opportunity to all its members. Otherwise, it can create major conflict within the community, which eventually will create adverse impact on the economical growth perspectives. Moreover, it will divide the entire economy into different parts that would create unnecessary challenges on the economic development perspective. Stillman, Gibson and McKenzie (2012) have highlighted the fact increasing rate immigrant in the New Zealand would create challenges in the housing department. It has been assessed that majority of the local people in New Zealand lives in their own house. However, increasing number of immigrants will create crisis for the land in a major way. On the other hand, increasing population would influence economy to produce more for fulfilling all the requirements in an effective manner. As a result, it would allow businesses to sale larger amount on the market, which will create positive impact on the overall economical condition. On the other hand, inclusion of skilled and knowledgeable immigrants will help the economy to handle the challenges associated with the fulfillment of skilled labor in the market. For that reason, it would also expect to create positive impact on the economical condition of the community. Thus, inclusion of immigrants can have both positive and negative impact on the economical development perspective. Therefore, government of New Zealand would have to be extremely careful in handling all the activities related to the inclusion of immigrants for moving towards the right direction (Pool, Dharmalingam Sceats, 2013). For that reason, the study would focus on including all aspects related to the immigration for analyzing the amount of impact it can have on the economical development perspective. The study would also focus on identifying the literature gap, which would eventually help the study to move towards the right direction. Immigration Impact on New Zealand population: According to Kennedy et al. (2015) immigration have direct impact on population growth perspective of an economy. However, New Zealand has experienced different circumstances regarding the inclusion of immigrants due to fluctuating international movement of New Zealanders. It has been assessed that huge number of New Zealanders has established themselves in the foreign countries, which has eliminated the impact of including immigrants to a major extent. The fluctuation in the New Zealands economy can be seen in the following figure: Figure 1: Fluctuation in New Zealands population growth (Source: Dungan, Fang Gunderson, 2013) From the above figure, it can be assessed that overall population growth of New Zealand has seen lot of ups and down historically. In fact, majority of the time more New Zealanders have left the country compared to the number of immigrants have entered into the economy. As opined by Kelsey (2015), international migration has created a major impact on the population of New Zealand. About one quarter of the population of the country is foreign born, which shows that the immigrant population and the New Zealand born population are rising in the same level of the country. According to various analysis it can be seen that the raise in the population of New Zealand born population is 15%, whereas, the raise in the population for immigrants is about 23%. However, increasing war and violence in different countries have enhanced the rate of immigrants for all the country. As a result, it has also enhanced the overall population level of New Zealand at a rapid rate in recent time. For that rea son, it can created different types of challenges for the New Zealands government in order to handle the entire population in an effective way. According to Law, Gen, Bryant (2013), the economic benefits received from the immigrants in New Zealand is balanced. He states that the population growth does not necessarily aim at income or productivity growth of the economy. The economic growth has slowed down to a considerable level, which states that the productivity of the economy is falling. In fact, extreme increase in the rate of population growth can create different types of challenges in the path of economic growth perspective of an economy. Increasing population might create excessive supply of talented workforce, which would eventually increase the competition level in a major way. As a result, government often tries to initiate different reservation rules for the local communities, which can have major adverse impact on the overall cohesion level among all the people within t he community. As a result, it can reduce the speed of economic development of an economy in a major way. Halkias et al. (2016) have mentioned the fact that it is necessary to distinguish between long-run and short-run perspective in order to understand the impact of increasing population on the economy. Majority of the time, it has been assessed that short-run and long-run impact varies from each other. It has been highlighted that short-run fluctuation in the population can create permanent disadvantageous position for an economy. Moreover, economy will also have to differentiate the micro and macro effect of increasing population on the economic development perspective. For instance, immigrants have created lower wages in the short-run, whereas it has increased the labor market flexibility in long-run. In short-run, inclusion of immigrants has created discrimination in the market. However, it has increased the geographical and social clustering in long-run, which would eventually create positive impact on the economical development aspect of New Zealand. In addition, Gibson and McKenz ie (2012) have emphasizes the fact that inclusion of immigrants will allow New Zealands government to handle all the challenges associated with the public debt, foreign debt and economies of scale in an effective manner. Moreover, it will also induce technological changes within the economy. As a result, it would help to handle increasing demand of the market in long-run, which essential for maintaining market equilibrium. Immigration Impact on New Zealands market needs and wants: As stated by Akbari MacDonald (2014), with a heavy increase in immigration, both assisted and unassisted, there is a raise in the demand of goods and services, and full employment, which provides a good deal of the production that is asked for. It seems quite clear that the demand effects of a rising population would complement a reduction in unemployment level of the country. Immigrants add to the sustainable rate of productivity growth. With the rise in the population structure of New Zealand, there has been a considerable rise in the demand for goods and services in the economy. Yet, thus might shift the resources of production away from investment, that would have boosted long term prosperity. Hence, it could be states that this might harm the methods of coping up with the pressures of growing population of the economy (James, 2015). Moreover, increasing number of immigrants will also create major impact on the cultural aspect of the economy. As a result, it will affect the tast es and preferences of the people. Moreover, higher number of immigrants can have major impact on the lifestyle of the community in a major way. As a result, it would create demands for new products and services within the community, which will also create positive impact on the new business perspective. Therefore, it can have positive impact on the economical development perspective of New Zealand. On the other hand, Ward (2015) have mentioned the fact that increasing diversity within the economy would also influence foreign investors to invest more on the economy, which will create long-term positive impact on the economical condition. As opined by Seetaram (2012) immigration can enhance the economic growth in three prime ways. Firstly, acceleration of convergence to the growth path in long run through increasing the openness of the host economy and also increasing the probability of demand for new investment. Secondly, economic growth can be achieved through promoting consequential long-run changes and innovation in total factor productivity. Thirdly, the study has mentioned that economic growth can be achieved through the enhancement of the operational efficiency in both long run and short run. It can actually boost total factor productivity of the economy in a major way. The prime impact of immigration on the economic growth is through the affect of steady state, as it creates direct impact on the capital and labor mobility aspect. As per the article by Akbari and MacDonald (2014) migrants are more likely to cluster in the prime areas of the economy which might enhance the growth rate through the agglomeration e ffects. For that reason, all the prime cities of New Zealand is expected to have more production opportunities in recent times. Therefore, it would also likely to create positive impact on the economical development aspect of New Zealand. The total factor productivity growth and macroeconomic causality analysis of net immigration has established the fact that immigration can increase the needs and wants of the market (Cadena Kovak, 2016). As a result, it would also likely to increase the rate of economic growth in the New Zealand market in an appropriate manner. Moreover, including people from different parts of the world also can create major positive impact on the technological enhancement perspective of the economy. It has been assessed that inclusion of immigrants allows economies to increase the technological efficiency in major way. Impact of immigration on New Zealands labor market: Impact of immigration on the labor market is concerned with the wages condition rather than unemployment rate or labor force participation. For that reason, the prime focus would be on the wage rate, skills and knowledge level of the immigrants. Moreover, economies will also have to assess both long-term and short-term impact of immigration on the labor market (Boubtane, Dumont Rault, 2015). The immediate short-term effect of immigration on the overall wages of the current workers depends primarily on the extent to which migrants can outclass domestic workers in terms of skills and knowledge. If skills level of the migrants can be substituted with the skill set of domestic employees then immigration is likely to increase, which will reduce the wages in short-run. Thus, it will create adverse impact on the economic growth perspective in short-run. Moreover, decreasing rate of wages will also create challenges like partially unemployed and increasing competition in the labor market th at would drawn the economy even lower. According to Kelsey (2015), success of full employment led to frequent claims that the labor was in short supply, thereby posing the immigrants as desirable. It shows that more immigrants are favorable for the economy. But, this even poses a threat for the economy, as the raise in the population of immigrants results in the raise in the demand for goods and services soon after arrival. Thereby, the economy remains in shortage of labor, soon after the arrival of the immigrants. A successful settler economy attracts more immigrants towards itself in its boom phase. Thus raises the expectations of the immigrants towards better standard of living, full employment and high wage jobs. This results in the attainment of high degree of government regulatory intervention to keep economic activity high while preventing domestic demand spilling over to create balance of payment crisis. On the other hand, the impact of immigration on the increasing demand and supply of labor market is another crucial factor that New Zealands government will have to evaluate in an in-depth manner. For that reason, proper evaluation of the labor force participation and unemployment rate have to measure in a perfect manner. Moreover, changes in the labor market structure are another crucial aspect that can occur due to the inclusion of too many immigrants. Many studies have established the fact that impact of immigration on New Zealands labor market can be seen primarily on the adaptation of migrants rather than the impact on the local people. In fact, business cycle study of New Zealand has established the fact that net immigration has generated a net demand effect in short-run, which has potentially created lower unemployment and higher inflation. For that reason, Smith (2012) has concluded that there is a specific danger that a deliberate pro-cyclical immigration policy might exacer bate the overall amplitude of the business cycle. Conversely, Bassett (2013) has highlighted a range of immigration scenarios that can have major impact on the economical development aspect of the New Zealand. It has assumed that New Zealand would have around 15000 net flows of immigrants every year. As a result, it would increase the total population of New Zealand by 7% in case there is no inclusion of migrants. Therefore, it would create additional supply in the labor market that would minimize the real wages. Therefore, it is likely to create adverse impact on the overall economic development perspective. However, inclusion of immigrants will increase the population level that would also increase the overall needs and wants of the market. Therefore, it would provide more opportunities to all the business entities to enhance the revenue level in an appropriate way. As a result, it will create positive impact on the current economical condition of New Zealand. Thus, it can be assess that inclusion of immigrants can have both posit ive and negative impact on the economy. For that reason, the ultimate impact will depend on New Zealands government labor market policy. Belot and Hatton (2012) have assessed earnings of migrants compared to the earnings of the local people, which will highlight earning of human capital and other characteristics. The study has established the fact that New Zealands immigrants have relatively larger wage disadvantage and also has smaller growth in the wage rate. Therefore, it has highlighted the fact that immigrants have higher probability of facing different types of harassment or disadvantage at the workplace, which is not a good sign on the economic development perspective. Fiscal impact: According to Banks et al. (2012), fiscal impacts on immigration heavily depend on the overall characteristics of the immigrants and the local population. It will decide the way immigrants will create impact on the overall economical condition. It has been assessed that fiscal impact consists of adding a demographic profile of the entire population prior and after an immigration influx with the per-capita cost of providing transfer payments and public consumptions. On the other hand, tax revenues are calculated based on the consumption and income patterns of different types of geographic group. Many studies have highlighted the fact that fiscal impact of immigration is always positive, as it provides government the opportunity to collect more tax revenue or social security payments. Moreover, the magnitude of positive impact increases over time. For instance, arrival of immigrants on Sweden had enhanced the net burden on the overall public sector budget. However, the differences with other type of immigrants decline over the years. Chung, Rose Huang (2012) have highlighted the fact that age profiling of the immigrants is also a crucial factor on understanding the fiscal impact. It has been assessed that there is strong link between major public expenditure and age, which would also create impact on the total expenditure of the economy. As a result, it would also create major impact on the economical condition of New Zealand. One of the prime concerns with the population ageing is the increasing transfers of the current income needed to the consumption of fund. Fairburn (2013) have mentioned the fact that immigration is an alternative strategy to tax rates or higher savings in ageing communities. Hence, immigration can certainly slow down the ageing of the entire population of the economy. In fact, if government can initiate proper strategy of including immigrants, it can enhance the total number of young age population in a major way. Therefore, it would also more likely to create positive impact on the economical condition in New Zealand. New Zealand Immigration Service (NZIS) analyzes fiscal impact of immigration at both sub-national and national level. They have concluded that majority of the migrants differentiate both by the duration of residence and region of residence, the age adjusted per-capital net fiscal impact was positive. As per the article by Gonzalez and Ortega (2013), immigration policies might create impact on the fiscal balances with different types of limitations. Firstly, there is no assessment of emigration on the New Zealaners and previous immigrants. In fact, prime focus was made on the gross inward migration rather than net migration. Secondly, fiscal impact of immigration has not accounted flow of effects of migration on the economy. As highlighted by Bowman and Conway (2013) migrants show expenditure characteristics, which is similar to the people born in New Zealand within same income category and age. It highlighted the fact that differences between sub-groups of immigrants in the fiscal impact are completely due to the dissimilarities between such groups. Specifically, public services are not linked with the immigration status. However, majority of the time limited information were available regarding the exact amount of fiscal impact that immigrations can create within an economy. For that reason, majority of the studies have assumed many things, which might have affected the ultimate outcome (McKinnon, 2013). In addition, policies and procedures regarding the expenditure nature of the government changes with time. Therefore, it is expected that it will also create variation on the overall fiscal impact of the economy (Cingano, 2014). Therefore, it cannot be said that inclusion of immigrants will definitely create positive impact on the economical development perspective of New Zealand. Impact of immigration on trade and international relations: Number of recent studies has highlighted the fact that immigration can also have positive impact on the international trade between home and host countries. Two factors can be upheld as prime reason of increasing international business opportunity between two countries. Firstly, immigrants always prefer products from their home country (Bowen Wu, 2013). It not only matches with the tastes and preferences of the immigrants but also creates strong emotional bonding. As a result, they induce more organizations from home country to establish its presence in the New Zealand market. It has been assessed that products and services of home country easily matches with the needs and wants of the immigrants. As a result, they tend to purchase more, which eventually increases international trade and business opportunities. Secondly, it also allows host country to minimize transaction cost associated with the bilateral trade. Moreover, it also allows organizations from host country to understand the contract and languages of the home country organizations in an effective way. Therefore, it will create positive impact on the development of proper international relation that will create positive impact on the economic development perspective. According to Nathan (2014), it is important to analyze the economic impact of import and export in an in-depth manner. It has been assessed that elasticity of the effect of immigration on imports is greater than the elasticity of the effect on import. Survey has established that migration from Taiwan to Canada had enhanced impact on imports into Canada compared to Canadian exports. For that reason, migrant flow composition is crucial at the time of investigating the relationship between international trade and immigration. It has been assessed that impact of the average new immigrant on imports is more than three times of exports. On the other hand, development of strong international relationship is crucial for the economic development perspective. It not only provides new market for the organizations to enhance the revenue level but also can help on the crisis situations. Therefore, all the developed countries always try to maintain strong relationship with other economies in order to handle all the challenges related to the economic development in an appropriate manner. As mentioned earlier, short-run macroeconomic effect has highlighted the fact that immigration would definitely increase aggregate demand at a rapid rate (Cully, 2012). As a result, it will also provide larger market for the organizations for both host and home countries. Now, increasing business opportunity will have direct impact on the economic enhancement perspective of New Zealand. Thus, it can be mentioned that inclusion of immigrants will help New Zealands government to maintain strong relationship with others. However, deeper investi gation is required to estimate the exact impact strong international relationship would create on the economic development perspective (Borjas, 2015). For that reason, New Zealands government will also have to analyze the factors like changing demands and purchasing power of the customers. It has been assessed that price of majority of the foreign products will be higher compared to the host country products. Therefore, it can restrict immigrants at the time of purchasing home country products. Hence, it would reduce the business possibility in a major way. On the other hand, living in different cultural environment can also change the taste and preferences of the immigrants, which would create adverse impact on the international trade development perspective (Foged Peri, 2016). For that reason, specific rules and regulations will have to be initiated by the government in order to create maximum impact on the economical condition. Impact of immigration on New Zealands inequality, social cohesion and crime: As per the article by Ward and Liu (2012) social cohesion is an extremely factor than ensures smooth conduct of all the activities within the economy. Like many other countries, the development of explicit measure of social cohesion is at the primary level in New Zealand. In fact, it has emerged as one of the definitional issues for the past few years. New Zealand is regarded as the socially inclusive society where all the policies for immigrants need to be analyzed in terms of specific elements including participation, inclusion, legitimacy and recognition. It is widely accepted that strong social cohesion majorly contributes to the better economic results. However, maintaining social cohesion with the immigrants is not that easy. It would have to assess the factors like low unemployment, low inequality and low crime in order to maintain proper social atmosphere (Fry, 2014). It has been assessed that unplanned inclusion of immigrants can have huge amount of adverse impact on the soc ial cohesion perspective. Specifically, when countries have included indigenous immigrants, they have faced huge problem in leading a normal life in the developed European economy. Majority of the cases, indigenous people have developed a separate community for themselves, which has eventually created adverse impact on the economic development aspect. However, New Zealands government has developed proper plan for including specific individuals within the economy in order to avoid any unnecessary consequences within the community. For that reason, it had included people with specific skills and knowledge and has the capability to mix with the local people in an appropriate manner. Moreover, it had focused on maintaining the equality perspective in an effective way. In fact, it has initiated different legislative rules and regulations that would ensure all the immigrants do receive proper opportunities to lead their life within the host country. Docquier, Ozden and Peri (2014) have mentioned the fact that inequality is the prime cause that can create adverse impact on the social cohesion aspect. It often creates dissatisfaction and a sense of insecurity within the mind of immigrants. It leads to different types of unwanted incident within the community, which eventually reduces the pace of economic enhancement process. However, New Zealand has maintained clear rules and regulation for a long period of time for avoiding any presence of inequality. In fact, it also had induced different surveys to have continues tract on all the incidents happening on the community (Steinhardt, 2012). Historically, New Zealand is regarded as one of the most peaceful country, which is far away from any violent or unwanted situations. For that reason, it can be mentioned that New Zealands government has able to maintain all the challenges associated with the immigration process in order to create positive impact on the social cohesion. As a result, it has allowed New Zealand to create positive impact with the inclusion of immigrants on economic growth perspective. Literature gap: The discussion has highlighted the fact that immigration is one of the prime concerns of New Zealand government in order to progress continuously. The above study has mentioned that inclusion of immigrants can have both positive and negative impact on the economy. In fact, the impact can differentiate in long-run and short-run situation. For that reason, government has to initiate different strategies so that it can curve out all the challenges in an appropriate manner. For that, it is necessary to maintain continues study of the market. Otherwise, it will be very difficult to assess exact situation. However, there is no clear cut solution by which immigration can be used in a positive manner for the economic enhancement process. In addition, economic and market situation in New Zealand is changing continuously, which will create differentiation regarding the impact of immigration of economic situation. For that reason, the study would try to capture all the current available informa tion to provide a practical aspect to the research objective. It would also focus identifying different variables related to the research topic, which would provide a clear idea about the exact amount of impact immigrants could have on the economical development aspect. The study would also focus on analyzing all the collected information in an in-depth manner to fulfill all the research objectives effectively. Moreover, it would also focus on identifying the possible future impact that immigration can have on the new Zealand economic development perspective. Research Methodology 4.1 Research Question The research proposal will outline the below question for research and will try to analyze the answers to each of them and will quantify the impact of Immigration of the Economy of New Zealand. What is the effect of Immigration on the economy of New Zealand? What are the impact of the immigration policies on the Economy and how the same can be beneficial for the Economy as a whole? 4.2 Research Concepts and Variables: The concept and objective of the research is to underline the positive or negative contribution of the immigration to the economic outcomes in New Zealand. The variable involved in the research will be the measures of the economic impacts such as Rates and Wages, Net fiscal costs, Unemployment, Housing, Technical changes, Gross Domestic product. The variables considered for this research proposal are as follows: Labor force participation and Market integration Labor productivity and Employment rate Occupational Level Educational Level Geographic Mobility Wealth Housing impacts Technological Changes Impact on Trade and Tourism Impact on Fiscal cost and Fiscal Revenue Impact on Gross Domestic Product Research Design: Sources of Data and Data collection The research will conduct a literature review using secondary data and will analyze the market efficiency and the impact of immigration on the Economy of New Zealand and compare the economy with and without immigration. It reviewed the real impact of immigration on the Economy of New Zealand. The research will adopt case study strategy to analyze the impact of immigration on the Economy of New Zealand from various perspectives (Bedford Poot, 2010).The movements in Fiscal revenue and the change in Gross Domestic product per capita in relation to immigration are also studied to determine the effects of immigration on the market and economic aspects. Reasoning method will be deductive as the research begins from a very broad idea that impact of immigration on the Economy of New Zealand is positive to market efficiency and is favorable for the country as a whole. The main source of secondary data will be books, journals, e-sources, articles, etc. The primary data is collected by the researcher by analyzing the movement of GDP before and after the immigration and taking into account the immigrants policy and the increase and decrease in the number of immigrants. Change in Housing prices, Labor rate changes and change in net Fiscal cost will help to understand whether the impact of immigration on the Economy of New Zealand is positive or negative (Aghion Howitt, 2009). Data collected from demonstrating economic prices and market behavior will be analyzed by the researcher in comparison to the literature review. Analysis will be done using correlation technique relevant to the impact of immigration on the Economy of New Zealand. The researcher will develop graphs, charts and diagrams from secondary data collected for analyzing the movement in the economy of the Country (Chapman Cobb-Clark, 1999). Analysis of Data: Research and development is very expensive, especially in analyzing the economic perspectives of the process. The policy makers should make an effective policy (White, 2014). The government should focus on the actual cooperative activities rather than focus on the international agreements. They should project the activities counted from the bottom to up rather than believing on the one-time report of agencies. The analysis of data reveals that the immigration has made a positive contribution to the various economic outcomes and the negative impacts of immigrations are negligibly low such as increase in net fiscal costs, increasing unemployment etc. The integration of the immigration is found to be successful in the country (Black, 2011). The immigrants are residing in New Zealand for more than decades and the outcomes of labor market because of the same are predominantly positive. There are significant evidences of the fact that immigration leads to an increase in both inbound and outbound tourism and net fiscal impact of immigration is also positive. The impact of immigration on housing and technological changes is found less conclusive and the same involve speculation. Additional immigration in the country suggests increase in the Gross Domestic product per capita and the converse of the same is also true to a greater extent. Discuss: Ethical Considerations Research ethics in qualitative research starts with the presumption that the research process is the collaboration between researcher, participants, and context. At the same time, the researcher recognizes that she or he retains power over the data collection process, and the analysis and presentation of results (Zimmermann T K Bauer, 2002). The research evaluates various methods and ethics that are applicable to social research and that encompasses the qualitative method of research. The main basis for the problem is what to do and what not to do in the data collection for qualitative research by the researchers. This is done with the intent to inform the participant in the research about the topic of study and will also demonstrate various steps to be taken to safeguard the privacy of the researchers and respondents (Winkelmann Winkelmann, 1998). The process of data collection will also focus on the limitations of the consent in the evaluation and will dictate the advantages of qualitative research in the research process. Meanwhile, the process of data collection will completely describe the respondents from the beginning to the end and will answer various questions that the researcher came across during the process of research. This will help the researchers to focus on the audience and on the person for whom the research is written (Baas Brcker, 2010). The Research will avoid unethical practices of the data collection process by the researcher. The research will motivate various researches to consider and elaborate the relevance of the further research on the topic to cover a large business context. The available researches on the subject reveal the contribution of data collection in order to unique ethical challenges of protecting privacy, minimizing harm, and respecting the shared experience of others (Steen, 2015). References: Aghion, P. Howitt, P. (2009). The Economics of Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Akbari, A. H., MacDonald, M. (2014). Immigration policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: An overview of recent trends.International Migration Review,48(3), 801-822. Baas, T. Brcker, H. (2010).Macroeconomic impact of Eastern enlargement on Germany and UK: evidence from a CGE model. Applied Economics Letters 17(2): 125-128. Banks, G., Murray, W., Overton, J., Scheyvens, R. (2012). Paddling on one side of the canoe? The changing nature of New Zealand's development assistance programme.Development Policy Review,30(2), 169-186. Bassett, M. (2013).The State in New Zealand, 1840-198: Socialism without Doctrines?. Auckland University Press. Bedford, RD. Poot, J. (2010). Changing tides in the South Pacific: Immigration to Aotearoa New Zealand. In: UA Segal, D Elliott and NS Mayadas (eds) Immigration Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press, pp 257273. Belot, M. V., Hatton, T. J. (2012). Immigrant Selection in the OECD.The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,114(4), 1105-1128. Black, K. (2011). Business Statistics:For Contemporary Decision Making. John Wiley Sons. Borjas, G. J. (2015). The slowdown in the economic assimilation of immigrants: Aging and cohort effects revisited again.Journal of Human Capital,9(4), 483-517. Boubtane, E., Dumont, J. C., Rault, C. (2015). Immigration and economic growth in the OECD countries 1986-2006. Bowen, H. P., Wu, J. P. (2013). Immigrant specificity and the relationship between trade and immigration: theory and evidence.Southern economic journal,80(2), 366-384. Bowman, S., Conway, P. (2013).Chinas recent growth and its impact on the New Zealand economy(No. 13/15). New Zealand Treasury. Cadena, B. C., Kovak, B. K. (2016). Immigrants equilibrate local labor markets: evidence from the Great Recession.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,8(1), 257-290. Card, D. (2001). Immigrant inflows, native outflows, and the local labor market impacts of higher immigration. Journal of Labor Economics 19(1): 2264. Chapman, B. Cobb-Clark, D. (1999). A comparative static model of the relationship between immigration and the short-run job prospects of unemployed residents. Economic Record 75: 358368. Chung, H. F., Tung, R. L. (2013). Immigrant social networks and foreign entry: Australia and New Zealand firms in the European Union and Greater China.International Business Review,22(1), 18-31. Chung, H. F., Rose, E., Huang, P. H. (2012). Linking international adaptation strategy, immigrant effect, and performance: The case of homehost and cross-market scenario.International Business Review,21(1), 40-58. Cingano, F. (2014). Trends in income inequality and its impact on economic growth. Cornelius, W.A. (2004). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective Cully, M. (2012). More than additions to population: the economic and fiscal impact of immigration.Australian Economic Review,45(3), 344-349. Docquier, F., Ozden, ., Peri, G. (2014). The labour market effects of immigration and emigration in OECD countries.The Economic Journal,124(579), 1106-1145. Dungan, P., Fang, T., Gunderson, M. (2013). Macroeconomic impacts of Canadian immigration: Results from a macro model.British Journal of Industrial Relations,51(1), 174-195. Fairburn, M. (2013).The ideal society and its enemies: foundations of modern New Zealand society, 1850-1900. Auckland University Press. Foged, M., Peri, G. (2016). Immigrants' effect on native workers: New analysis on longitudinal data.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,8(2), 1-34. Fry, J. (2014). Migration and macroeconomic performance in New Zealand: theory and evidence.Wellington: New Zealand Treasury. Genc, M., Gheasi, M., Nijkamp, P., Poot, J. (2012). The impact of immigration on international trade: a meta-analysis.Migration Impact Assessment: New Horizons,301. Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. (2012). The economic consequences of brain drainof the best and brightest: Microeconomic evidence from five countries.The Economic Journal,122(560), 339-375. Gibson, J., Le, T. Stillman, S. (2007). What explains the wealth gap between immigrants and the New Zealand born? New Zealand Economic Papers 41(2): 131162. Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. Stillman, S. (2009). The Impacts of International Migration on Remaining Household Members: Omnibus results from a migration lottery program. Discussion paper 20/09. London: Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, University College London. Global Perspectives.Stanford University Press. Gonzalez, L., Ortega, F. (2013). Immigration and housing booms: Evidence from Spain.Journal of Regional Science,53(1), 37-59. Halkias, D., Thurman, P., Caracatsanis, S., Harkiolakis, N. (2016).Female immigrant entrepreneurs: The economic and social impact of a global phenomenon. CRC Press. James, C. (2015).New territory: the transformation of New Zealand, 198492. Bridget Williams Books. James, C. (2015).New territory: the transformation of New Zealand, 198492. Bridget Williams Books. Kalton, G. (1983). Introduction to Survey Sampling. SAGE Publications. Kelsey, J. (2015).Reclaiming the future: New Zealand and the global economy. Bridget Williams Books. Kelsey, J. (2015).The New Zealand experiment: A world model for structural adjustment. Bridget Williams Books. Kennedy, S., Kidd, M. P., McDonald, J. T., Biddle, N. (2015). The healthy immigrant effect: patterns and evidence from four countries.Journal of International Migration and Integration,16(2), 317-332. Law, D., Gen, M., Bryant, J. (2013). Trade, diaspora and migration to New Zealand.The World Economy,36(5), 582-606. Longhi, S., Nijkamp, P. Poot, J. (2005). A meta-analytic assessment of the effect of immigration on wages. Journal of Economic Surveys 19(3): 451477. Longhi, S., Nijkamp, P. Poot, J. (2008). Meta-Analysis of Empirical Evidence on the Labour Market Impacts of Immigration. Discussion Papers 3418. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor. McKenzie, D. Yang, D. (2010). Experimental Approaches in Migration Studies. Discussion paper 17/10. London: Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, University College London. McKenzie, D., Gibson, J. Stillman, S. (2010). How important is selection? Experimental vs non-experimental measures of the income gains from migration. Journal of the European Economic Association 8(4): 913945. McKinnon, M. (2013).Interdependence and Foreign Policy: New Zealand in the World Since 1935. Auckland University Press. Nathan, M. (2014). The wider economic impacts of high-skilled migrants: a survey of the literature for receiving countries.IZA Journal of Migration,3(1), 4. Nijkamp, P., Poot, J., Sahin, M. (Eds.). (2012).Migration impact assessment: New horizons. Edward Elgar Publishing. Ortega, F., Peri, G. (2013). The effect of income and immigration policies on international migration.Migration Studies,1(1), 47-74. Parker, M., Steenkamp, D. (2012). The economic impact of the Canterbury earthquakes.Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin,75(3), 13-25. Peri, G. (2012). The effect of immigration on productivity: Evidence from US states.Review of Economics and Statistics,94(1), 348-358. Phillips, J., Hearn, T. (2013).Settlers: New Zealand Immigrants from England, Ireland and Scotland 1800-1945. Auckland University Press. Pool, I., Dharmalingam, A., Sceats, J. (2013).The New Zealand family from 1840: A demographic history. Auckland University Press. Seetaram, N. (2012). Immigration and international inbound tourism: Empirical evidence from Australia.Tourism Management,33(6), 1535-1543. Smith, P. M. (2012).A concise history of New Zealand. Cambridge University Press. Steen, M. (2015). Ethical uses of collected data. Business ethics. Steinhardt, M. F. (2012). Does citizenship matter? The economic impact of naturalizations in Germany.Labour Economics,19(6), 813-823. Stillman, S. Mar, DC. (2008). Housing Markets and Migration: Evidence from New Zealand. Working paper. Commissioned by the Economic Impacts of Immigration research programme of the Department of Labour. Wellington: Department of Labour. Stillman, S., Gibson, J., McKenzie, D. (2012). The impact of immigration on child health: experimental evidence from a migration lottery program.Economic Inquiry,50(1), 62-81. Thompson, S.K. (2012). Sampling. John Wiley Sons. Ward, A. 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7 Freelance Writers That Have Written Books

Did you know that many freelance writers aspire to be professional authors? For some reason, I didnt realize that when I first started! I dont have a secret desire to be a fiction writer, but after meeting so many freelance writers and knowing many more I realize this is a legit dream for them! And thats awesome! So, I wanted to share with you all these amazing books that are written by freelance writers! Im hoping this inspires you to continue your dream of writing or at the very least, get some gift ideas for your friends and family. Enjoy! 1. Alicia Rades Alicia Rades was a freelance writer when I first started freelance writing four years ago. I followed her, read her blog and we even connected on LinkedIn. Our paths crossed many times over the years and if you didnt already know, Alicia created the blog FreelancerFAQs but ended up giving me the blog to run. But recently, shes been marketing more her author website and over time she did less freelance writing and more fiction writing. She has published 16 books and is a USA Bestseller! Alicia primarily writes YA fiction books and she has many series too! Please check out her books! And I just picked up her latest book, Ravenite! 2. Ashley Eneriz Ashley Eneriz is a finance freelance writer and mom blogger. Her blog helps moms get started with their own business. She also did a Facebook Live in my private Facebook group for my course on how to write for big brands (like CBS, Discover, MSN and more). But, she just recently wrote her first childrens book series! This series if for children ages 9-12 and follows a detective named Blondie who solves crimes at her elementary school! 3. Brent Jones Brent Jones is also a freelance writer turned full-time Indie author. He has written for some of the same clients as I had and he also interviewed me for his freelancer show (back in the day). He tends to write about real life situations like loss and friendship. One of his popular booksFender, is about a mannamed Brennan who lost his wife and daughter in a car crash. Brennan tries to distance himself from what happened by taking a cross country road trip with his dog, Fender. Check out all of Brents books here! 4. Rebekah Louise Rebekah Louise is a course student of mine and is also a short story author! Her book, The Bulletproof Proposal is a cute chick-lit story of a woman turning the tables on her relationship and proposing to her boyfriend. Shes unsure if this will begin a new chapter in her life or end it. Make sure to check out her other book of 5 short stories. 5. Nikki Smith Nikki Smith is a also a course student of mine and her books look sooo cool! She takes a journalistic viewpoint in her non fiction books. This book takes a light hearted look at the Kings and Queens of Britain which Queen had horrible halitosis or who said the wrong name during their wedding vows? She also writes about one of the newest boy band group that has taken over the world BTS. 6. Chris DiCroce Chris DiCroce is a TV Script freelance writer and author! He is also a critically songwriter for over 20 years and is also an Amazon bestseller! Burning Man is his first fiction novel and is a vivid story and adventure about love and friendship. Make sure to check out other books by Chris DiCroce! 7. Dan Mattia Dan Mattia is a content freelance writer and a fantasy author! His first book, In Crows Claws (Tales of Fyrndell) is set in a fictional fantasy place called Fyrndell. According to Dan, IN CROWS CLAWS is a fantasy novella written in an epistolary (letter) format and set in the fantasy-fiction world of Fyrndell, a place of ancient powers, myriad races, and untold secrets. It is a world where gods may or may not exist, where heroes are few and far between, and where technology progresses at a haphazard pace. There Ya Go! I love supporting freelance writers! Whether its sharing their blog posts, helping them out with freelance writing questions or just replying to one of their emails, I love helping and supporting as much as I can. Im awed and inspired by this list! I hope you are too! If you are a freelance writer, tell me in the comments if you are writing a book or have one published! Id love to include you in this list! Please pin me!

still missing essays

still missing essays The Setting of the novel takes place in Boston, Back Bay on Sixty-three Fremont Street The characters are Susan Selky, Alexanders mother and a psychiatrist, Alexander Graham Selky Jr, a 6 year old boy, the son of Susan Selky, Graham Selky, the father of Alex, and the ex-husband of Susan, Jocelyn, Susans best friend whos little daughter Justine go to school with Alex, Detective Al Menetti, the detective who help investigates the missing of Alex, Malvina Roberts, the lady who tips the people off where Alex is. The conflict happens when Susan gets this lead from a crazy lady named Malvina Roberts who calls in from Connecticut and says that the devil has Alex next door in her neighbors house. The police doesnt believe her at first. Then Detective Menetti tells Susan and she says check it out it might be the real lead. Menetti then goes over to Connecticut and find out if there really is a boy there. He goes over to the house that Malvina tells him. Then this guy come with a little boy, Alexs description. Menetti then watches them . Then he waits until they go in the house, then ring the doorbell and arrests the man and brings Alex home. The internal conflict is when Susan is fighting with herself, that if she hadnt trust Alex so much, and make him walk him to school by himself that maybe he would be home. The external conflict is when Susan blames Graham for losing Alex because if he was home she could have walked him to school and this wouldnt have happened. The plot of the novel is Susan Selky, she lets her little boy Alex walk to school and from because he is a responsible 6 year old boy. When Alex leaves the house in the morning he never returns home. Susan gets scared, and calls Jocelyn, her friend and asks if her daughter saw Alex in school. Jocelyn says no, Alex wasnt in school. Susan then calls the police and tells th ...

Create a business plan for an entrepreneurial company Essay

Create a business plan for an entrepreneurial company - Essay Example This will ensure that Soccer Nation’s business remains as competitive as the others which are already established. The store is a Limited Partnership that is owned mostly by Steve Thomason and Esther McKenna who control a 40 and 30% stake of the company. The main objective of the store is to be the leading provider of top quality soccer products around Boston. The store will make it possible for its customers to sample and enjoy its wide selection of products which are specifically made to make the sporting experience an enjoyable one. The target market for Soccer Nation will be anyone from the age of 10 to 40. Most soccer enthusiasts fall under this age group and they are also some of the most frequent buyers of soccer items. Soccer Nation wants to be the one stop shop for all people, young and old, who want to enjoy high quality soccer products. Soccer is without a doubt one of the fastest growing sports in the United States. However, there remains a huge deficit in the mark et since the suppliers of soccer items are very few. Over the last years or so, soccer as a sport has made tremendous achievements in the US and its fan base is growing each day. This has meant that the market for soccer merchandise is expanding at a fast rate, thereby presenting a great opportunity for start up businesses such as Soccer Nation. Boston is a perfect location as it is home to several universities and colleges, which contain many local and international students, the majority of soccer products’ consumers. At this location, the products will be available at a competitive price similar to that offered by other companies. The promotional strategy for this specific group of people will include free passes and tickets to soccer matches. The soccer merchandising industry in the US is marked by a clear lack of competition. The only serious competition for soccer items in the Boston area is from companies such as Nike, Olympia and City Sports which offer a variety of s ports paraphernalia unlike Soccer Nation which is planning to concentrate on soccer items only. Since there is no other store that specializes in soccer merchandising, Soccer Nation will face very little competition. This will enable it to establish itself in this particular market, hence developing a competitive advantage that is likely o benefit it in future. The people who will be in charge of running the day to day operations at the store are all well experienced in their various fields of expertise. They are also dedicated individuals whose only purpose is to ensure that Soccer Nation establishes itself into a sports powerhouse to reckon with not only in Boston, but in the rest of the country as well. Company Outline Soccer Nation is a limited proprietorship that is located in, Boston, Maryland. Esther McKenna and Steve Thomason are the founders and executives of this company. Steve Thomason is the majority owner, with a 40% ownership. Esther McKenna owns a 30% share while Mich ael Lutherfield, Moses Blundell and Richard Travis own 10% each. The company’s main aim is to provide high quality soccer merchandise at an affordable cost. The mission of Soccer nation is: To offer high quality and affordable soccer merchandise to its customers in Boston. The company’s vision is: To become the leading supplier of sports items and services in Boston. Some of the strengths and competencies of Soccer Nation include offering top quality soccer me

Doesn't Matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doesn't Matter - Essay Example ly problematic world is the main purpose of the poet who skilfully illustrates the universal characteristic of the human condition in the modern world through the geographically, historically, and linguistically wide variety of cultural, literary, and spiritual settings. Thus, the poem attains a universal appeal and nature which mainly worked in favour of the piece which is now considered as the most effective touchstone of modern literature. The poet resorts to a complex method of incorporating culturally, geographically, historically, spiritually, and linguistically distinct settings to deal with the most complex theme of the modern world. The essential method used by Eliot in The Waste Land, according to Cleanth Brooks, is â€Å"the principle of complexity. The poet works in terms of surface parallelisms which in reality make ironical contrasts, and in terms of surface contrasts which in reality constitute parallelisms.† (Brooks) The employment of such a wide variety of set ting can be best comprehended as part of the poet’s specific method of illustrating the complex nature of the modern world through a complex method. In The Waste Land, Eliot concentrates on dealing with the primary theme of the modern world situation and the particular settings, images, and symbols used by the poet help him in this attempt. Rather than demonstrating the thinner side of the modern situation of the world, offering a single, unambiguous meaning to the poem, the poet provides opportunity for multiple interpretations and meanings. The various symbols, which are drawn from a variety of settings, correspond to the dramatized instances of the theme, exemplifying in their own nature the basic paradox of the theme. Therefore, the manifold settings and symbols of the poem help in the development of the basic themes of the poem. Eliot’s themes are drawn from the various ages, settings, and contexts, and, hence, the use of various settings enhances the appeal of the themes.

Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Theater - Essay Example In addition, the scene where the daughter of Lear, Cordelia dies is still engraved in my mind (National Theatre Live, n.d.). When the film with the same screenplay on silver screen is being compared with that of the play on theatre one could really find that, it did not appeal the minds as the live play did. Actually, the most important dynamics of a live theatre is the relative aspect of the theatre. It is through this relative aspect that audiences are able to watch the actors cry, laugh, run before their eyes but does not transport the audiences into a utopian land. On the contrary, the audiences are able to form a strong discourse, which relates the awareness of the audiences watching live actors performing on stage with the impromptu performance of the actors of the live theatre (Live Theatre, 2014). Notably, there is a huge scope to display and develop a vivid spectacle and visual panorama on stage through music, light, sound, stagecraft and most importantly, through the live performance of the actors. The experience of a live theatre is always spectacular (Reason, 2004). Correspondingly, as I strongly believe with my experience, an important facet is its relative aspect, which could be attained in live theatres through the liveliness of the performing

Examining The Key Characteristics Of Rup Information Technology Essay

Examining The Key Characteristics Of Rup Information Technology Essay Initially select the rational unified process development methodology .The unified process was development in main by joining together Jacobsons use case modeling Boochs object oriented methods and Rumbaya,s object Modeling Techniques (OMT) , Many other object- oriented methods also contributed to developing this process. The goal at the rational Unified Process is to enable the production at highest quality software that meets end- user needs within predictable schedules and budgets. The Rational unified Process captures some of the best current software Development practices in a form that is tail arable for a wide range of projects and organization. The Key characteristics of RUP The Rational Unified processes in an iterative process. Built into the iterative approach is the flexibility to accommodate new requirements or tactical changes in business object. The rational behind the rational unified process is focus on models. Rather than paper documents is to minimize the overhead associated with generating and maintaining documents and to minimize the relevant information content. The Rational Unified Process place strong emphasis on building systems based on a through understand of how the delivered system will be used. The Rational Unified Process supports object oriented techniques each model is object Rational Unified Process models are based on the concepts of objects and classes and the use the UML as its notation. The Rational Unified Process configurable process although no single process suitable for all software development organizations. The Rational Unified Process is failorble and can be scaled to fit the needs of project ranging from small software development to large development organizations. The Rational Unified Process encourage on going quality control and risk management. Phases of RUP Should modified The Rational Unified Process is structured along two dimensions Time division of the life cycle into phases and iterations. Process components- productions of specific set of artifacts with well defined activities. Both dimensions must be taken in to account for a project to succeed. Structuring a project along the time dimension involves the adoption of the following time based four phases. Inception- specifying the project vision Elaboration-planning the necessary activities and require resources specifying the features and designing the architecture. Construction- building the product as a series of incremental iterations. Transition-Supplying the product to the user community. Structuring the project along the process component dimension include the following activities. Business modeling the identification of desired system capabilities and user needs. Requirements- a narration of the system vision along with a set of functional and non functional requirements. Analysis and design a description of how the system will be realized in the implementation phase. Implementation the production of the code that will result in an executable system. Testing the verification of the entire system deployment the delivery of the system and user training to the customer. Within each phase are a number of iterations. Iteration represents a complete development cycle form requirements capture in analysis to implementation testing which result in the realse of an executable product constitutly a subset of the final project under development which then is grown incrementally form iteration to iteration becomes the final system. During the elaboration the focus turns towards analysis and design. In construction implementation is the control activity and transition centers on developments Work breakdown structure With refer to project proposal the entire work break down structure represent Project schedule With referenced to the project proposal entire project plan submitted using MS project Cost estimation With respect to feasibility study in chaper2 the initial cost estimation carried out concerning three areas Total software cost , total hardware cost, total human laybour Risk managing Risk Identification in Inception Phase Identification risk is one management tool in nine project management principles. therefore should be proper method assess unknown risk can be generate and impact of risk and prepare resist to the risk .mainly critical path activities will generate risk if one goes wrong that might effect to total project related wasting time money. Therefore to minimize the risk used contingency plan. Given below is the few or risk associated with certain activities Risk on requirement gathering and analysing identifying incorrect requirements out of scope Risk associated in changing system architecture and technologies several times to fulfil additional requirement made by clients. Risk of design incorrect architecture Risk associated with reusing software component Risk associate din poor project planning in time management and resources management Risk associate with using open source tools to development process Risk associate on hardware used for the project compatibility for requirements After identifying risk it can be categorizes in to three risk namely project risk, product risk, business risk .To overcome risk and identify the proper solution use risk management process Risk Identification Risk Analysis Risk Planning Risk Monitoring List of potential risks Prioritizes risk list Risk avoidance and contingency plans Risk assessment With related risk analysis concern about security risk as in order to identify possible risk caused as physically, from software to destroy information on database as follows Physical risk Fire: Place fire extinguishers that suitable for all type of fires in every floor especially near server rooms and check continuous time intervals Flood: Place the server room as well equipment higher levels where the impact minimum Earthquakes: Locate back up server in separate location where earthquakes are minimise Tsunami: To prevent risk place the servers remote locations Equipment theft: To prevent the risk can used security cameras and security guard with lock doors to server rooms Software risk: Hacking: Used firewall protection, place intrusion detection system Eavesdropping: Used strong encryption when transferring data through the system which difficult crack the encription using complex algorithm Virus: Place co operate virus guard which consist of large virus database in order stand quarantine such a risk Information theft: Place hybrid intrusion detection system and used strong password policy

Ukraine: Population crisis Essay -- essays research papers fc

Purcell Consulting Company is world’s foremost independent consulting company regarding policy issues for governments, and we are glad that you have chosen us in helping with your policies. As addressed in your personal statement, you are extremely concerned about your country’s population decline, and the years to come. This problem, distressing to say, is notably related to the way your government is governed, as well as other factors including health issues, and economics that puts a strain on the your population. In this assessment I will brief on specific reasons for your countries declining population, as well as sufficient solutions in solving this apprehensive problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First I would first like to address health issues surrounding this problem. Ukraine, like many other Eastern European states generally have poor health conditions. Most Ukrainian citizens drink more alcohol, have bad nutrition, and visit doctors less frequently. As a result death comes quick, along with diseases, and lowered fertility rates (Jamestown). According to the 2001 Census, Ukraine registered a 6.1 percent decline in population. Dr. Oleh Wolowyna, a professor at the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, also reports mortality rates in infants and adults have risen due to a poor health care system. The main reason behind an increase in infant death rates is due to an increase in â€Å"perinatal complications,† that arise from birth---low birth weight, poor-prenatal nutrition, birth/pregnancy problems, and pre mature birth---- of which are all related to a poor health care system. Adult mortality rates has also risen almost 60% due to a â€Å"circul atory diseases† --- stroke, heart attack, and high blood pressure (Jarosewich). Moreover, AIDS has contributed generously to Ukraine’s declining population. According to the UN, AIDS is growing faster in Ukraine than any other post-communist European country and is also growing faster then anywhere else outside Africa (Jamestown). The UN predicts that about 400,000 people are affected by AIDS of which almost to none will survive (FHI). Nevertheless, we must not be quick to blame your citizens for a poor health care system, or a declining population. We must concentrate on economics, and how it contributes heavily on your declining population. .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economics is a theory of business science... ...xample, women should know about the risks of malnutrition when carrying a child. She should know about the dangers, and risks of other substances that may harm the baby or herself; while men should learn about the health risks of high blood pressure, diabetes and other diseases. In addition, education about the HIV virus should be taught at schools and in the community, in terms of how to prevent from getting the virus, and how to treat it. By emphasizing proper nutrition and health care amongst men, women and children, Ukraine’s birth rate will exceed death rates, ensuring a steady increase in population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, you, the Ukrainian government, must create jobs, and educate your citizens about proper health care in order to increase your country’s population. If your government follows these simple guidelines, Purcell Consulting will guarantee your population to increase, and continue to grow for the ages to come. Works Cited Kuzio, Taras. The Jamestown Foundation. 4 Feb. 2003. 30 Mar. 2005 . Jarosewich, Irene. Ukraine's Population Suffers Dramatic Decline In Health. 24 Aug. 1997. 30 Mar. 2005 . Family Health International. 30 Mar. 2005 .

Learning Contracts Essay

Table of Contents Section Page Abstract1 Introduction 2 Definition of Learning Contract2 Purpose of the Learning Contract3 Uses of Learning Contracts3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Learning Contracts4 Advantages4 Disadvantages5 Designing Learning Contracts5 Conclusions and Recommendations 6 Conclusion 6 Recommendations†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 References8 Abstract Learning contracts are being used in post-secondary education. Adults approach learning as problem solving and in theory by implementing learning contracts, the student becomes more involved in their own learning process. This paper discusses the use of a learning contract, the advantages and disadvantages for using contracts and the general design of a learning contract. The use of learning contracts provides opportunity for the student to be more involved in their own learning and apply relevance to their own educational experience. Learning Contracts â€Å"Contract learning is, in essence, an alternative way of structuring a learning experience: It replaces a content plan with a process plan.† Malcolm S. Knowles (1991, pg.39). In the early 1970’s, the concept that adults learn differently than children was introduced by Malcolm Knowles. This theory of andragogy has inspired research and controversy. The complexity of adult learning and motivation provides opportunities to explore new methods of teaching. Implementing learning contracts is an alternative way to structure the learning  experience. Definition. Learning contract by definition is an agreement between students and teachers that grant the student certain freedoms and choices about completing tasks yet requires the student to meet certain specifications (â€Å"Definition,† n.d., p. 1). According to Knowles (1980), contract learning solves, or at least reduces, the problem of dealing with wide differences within any group of adult learners. Knowles (1986) defines a learning contract as containing specifically: 1.the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values to be acquired by the learner (learning objectives); 2.how the objectives are to be accomplished; 3.the target date for their accomplishment; 4.what evidence will be presented to demonstrate that the objectives have been accomplished; and 5.how this evidence will be judged or validated. In academic settings the contract also specifies how much credit is to be awarded and what grade is to be given (p.38). Understanding the purpose and advantages of learning contracts and being able to apply them in our future careers as adult instructors will help prepare us for the variety of learning styles our students will have. Purposes of Learning Contracts Learning contracts have multiple purposes. One purpose is that it can enrich and extend the curriculum. They can connect educational needs to individual needs. The responsibility of learning is shared by the student and the educator. Learning contracts can also challenge the abilities of highly able students and provide alternate options that can be altered specifically for the differences in abilities, learning styles and interests of individual students. The contract is a tool for structuring the learning process. Uses of Learning Contracts Findings from research about adult learning have shown that when adults go about learning something naturally, they are highly self-directed (Tough, 1971, 1979). Coincidentally, when adults learn on their own initiative, they have a deeper understanding and more permanent memory of when they  learn by being taught. Core adult learning principles view the adult learner as the primary source of data for making sound decisions regarding the learning process (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 1998, p. 183). Contract learning is compatible with the notion that adult learners are self-directed learners. Online instruction is an example where contract learning can be highly effective. In an online environment, instructors are not physically meeting with the students to discuss learning goals, objectives and expectations. Learning contracts can help negotiate and define the learning goals and outcomes. Sample learning contracts can be placed on a web page and the student can determine which contract best suits their learning goals. Students can also engage in online discussions about the different options with their peers and gain a broader perspective through shared knowledge. Learning contracts can also be highly effective in the corporate world. Training employees is costly and can require large investments from organizations. Learning contracts allow the employee to take responsibility and increases motivation in the learning process when they are able to relate the training directly to their job responsibilities. Contracts can also clearly define the company’s expectations of the outcomes. When the expectations are defined, both instructor and trainee can track progress and stay focused on the company’s business goals and strategies. Learning contracts are useful in research. Research learning contracts provide form and structure to an unstructured environment such as the research laboratory, while ensuring maximal flexibility (â€Å"Contracts,† n.d., para. 2). It allows the student to control their own learning. Contracts allow students to define learning objectives, activities, rate of progress and methods of assessment that will evaluate the student’s success or failure. Advantages and Disadvantages of Learning Contracts Advantages. There are many advantages for learning contracts in adult education. Learning contracts enhance the adult learner’s self-directed learning experience. They promote creative and critical thinking for the student and develop their time management, planning and decision making skills. They can target specific individuals and their specific learning  activities. Each students experience can be unique to them and incorporate their own prior knowledge and experience. The contracts also allow students to work at their appropriate pace and can increase the student’s motivation which in return can increase their class participation. Contracts can help keep students on course if the contracts are specific and concrete. This can also help minimize miscommunication or misunderstanding of expectations and outcomes. The contract also provides a means for the learner to receive continuous feedback regarding progress toward accomplishing learning objectives. Disadvantages. There are disadvantages to using learning contracts. Contracts can be time consuming to develop. They typically are more detailed and require you to put in more work in the developing stage. Also, students can have confusion especially if their prior learning experience has only been the traditional method of instruction in a classroom. If students are only familiar with â€Å"instructor taught† learning and have not learned to be self-directed learners, the student could have difficulty adapting to this method. The learning contract method in pedagogic learning may require more instructor involvement verses student driven in andragogic learning. The attitude of the educator can have an influence on the learning contract as well. Some educators feel the learning contract gives the student too much control. Designing Learning Contracts There are many different ways to design a learning contract. Learning contracts can address the diverse learning needs of different students and may be designed to suit a variety of purposes. Despite the flexibility, there is a general format starting with identification of the content that will be learned. Specific methods and strategies that will be used to learn the content should be identified. Specifying resources to be used in order to learn the content and determining the type of evidence that will be used to demonstrate the learning should be identified. Last, the evidence that will be validated and by whom needs to be defined. Having clarity will lead to improved performance and allow for revision of learning objectives if needed throughout the learning experience (â€Å"Learning Contracts,† n.d.). Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion. Malcolm Knowles’ introduction of andragogy has influenced adult education. A distinguishing characteristic of adult learning programs is the shared control of program planning and facilitation (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 1998, p.133). Engaging adults as partners in their learning experience satisfies their â€Å"need to know† and appeals to their self-concept as independent learners. Learning contracts are a tool that encourages students to participate more actively in their own learning experience. It is an alternative method of structuring a learning experience unique to individuals. It enables educators to work with differences among a group of learners. Learning contracts, more so than any other type of instructional method, create the conditions for individualized instruction. The contract method will not be effective if the adult learner is passive in their own learning experience. Disadvantages include extensive planning and commitment as well as excessive focus on individual success (Duggan, n.d.). In general, adult learners are going to be self-directed learners as opposed to child learners. Based on the five assumptions learned in WED 486 regarding adult learners: adults need to know why they need to know; adults need to learn experientially; adults approach learning as problem solving; adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value; and adults need to integrate new ideas with what they already know, learning contracts are an effective tool to enhance a self-directed experience. Recommendations. Additional research related to contract learning involves the fairness of learning contracts. In the traditional method of instructor taught learning, all students are given the same syllabus and information on what it takes to earn a particular grade. In the case of learning contracts, they are individualized to the learner. The contract may be specific as to how each learner will obtain earned grades but will the content be equal? Additional research is recommended to determine if contracts are efficient if not all students are covering the same material. References Duggan, T. (n.d.). The disadvantages of training agreements. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_6075915_disadvantages-training-agreements.html  Guidelines for writing. (n.d.). In Learning contract guidelines [PDF]. Retrieved from https://dsacms.tamu.edu/sites/sllo.tamu.edu/files/LearningContractGuidelines.pdf Knowles, M. S. (1980). The modern practice of adult education from pedagogy to andragogy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Cambridge Adult Education. Knowles, M. S. (1986). Using learning contracts (p. 38). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers. Knowles, M. S., Holton, III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (1998). Beyond andragogy. In (Ed.), The adult learner (5th ed., pp. 153-183). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing. Learning contracts. (n.d.). In How to create and use learning contracts [PDF]. Retrieved from http://fcpsteach.org/docs/directions-learning%20contracts.pdf Research learning contracts. (n.d.). In webGuru. Retrieved October 1, 2011, from http://www.webguru.neu.edu/undergradu ate-research/structuring-ur-experience/research-learning-contracts Tough, A. (1971, 1979). The adult’s learning projects. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.